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"metadata": {
"name": "",
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"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Basic Output"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"When a cell is run, it can generate *output*. In IPython, the definition of output is quite general; it can be text, images, LaTeX, HTML or JSON. All output is displayed below the code that generated it, in the *output area*.\n",
"\n",
"This Notebook describes the basics of output and shows how the `stdout/stderr` streams are handled."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Displayhook"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"When a Python object is returned by an expression, Python's `displayhook` mechanism is triggered. In IPython, this results in an output prompt, such as `Out[2]`. These objects are then available under the variables:\n",
"\n",
"* `_` (last output)\n",
"* `__` (second to last output)\n",
"* `_N` (`Out[N]`)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import numpy as np\n",
"import sys"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 1
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"np.random.rand(10)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 2,
"text": [
"array([ 0.95903549, 0.20840774, 0.89732074, 0.72494962, 0.30424358,\n",
" 0.03881097, 0.72698477, 0.92148251, 0.96582423, 0.95202918])"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"np.sin(_)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 3,
"text": [
"array([ 0.81863802, 0.20690236, 0.78165864, 0.66309773, 0.29957159,\n",
" 0.03880123, 0.66461974, 0.79649888, 0.82251797, 0.81459417])"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 3
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"sys.stdout and sys.stderr"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"The stdout and stderr streams are displayed as text in the output area."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"print(\"hi, stdout\")"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"hi, stdout\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 4
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import print_function\n",
"print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stderr",
"text": [
"hi, stderr\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 5
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Output is asynchronous"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"All output is displayed asynchronously as it is generated in the Kernel. If you execute the next cell, you will see the output one piece at a time, not all at the end."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import time, sys\n",
"for i in range(8):\n",
" print(i)\n",
" time.sleep(0.5)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"0\n",
"1"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"2"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"3"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"4"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"5"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"6"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"7"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Large outputs"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"To better handle large outputs, the output area can be collapsed. Run the following cell and then single- or double- click on the active area to the left of the output:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"for i in range(50):\n",
" print(i)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"0\n",
"1\n",
"2\n",
"3\n",
"4\n",
"5\n",
"6\n",
"7\n",
"8\n",
"9\n",
"10\n",
"11\n",
"12\n",
"13\n",
"14\n",
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"47\n",
"48\n",
"49\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 7
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Beyond a certain point, output will scroll automatically:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"for i in range(500):\n",
" print(2**i - 1)"
],
"language": "python",
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{
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"32767\n",
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]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Capturing output with %%capture"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"IPython has a [cell magic](Cell%20Magics.ipynb), `%%capture`, which captures the stdout/stderr of a cell. With this magic you can discard these streams or store them in a variable."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import print_function\n",
"import sys"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"By default, `%%capture` discards these streams. This is a simple way to suppress unwanted output."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"%%capture\n",
"print('hi, stdout')\n",
"print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"If you specify a name, then stdout/stderr will be stored in an object in your namespace."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"%%capture captured\n",
"print('hi, stdout')\n",
"print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 11
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"captured"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 12,
"text": [
""
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Calling the object writes the output to stdout/stderr as appropriate."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"captured()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"hi, stdout\n"
]
},
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stderr",
"text": [
"hi, stderr\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 13
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"captured.stdout"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 14,
"text": [
"'hi, stdout\\n'"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 14
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"captured.stderr"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 15,
"text": [
"'hi, stderr\\n'"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 15
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"`%%capture` grabs all output types, not just stdout/stderr, so you can do plots and use IPython's display system inside `%%capture`"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"%matplotlib inline\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"import numpy as np"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 16
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"%%capture wontshutup\n",
"\n",
"print(\"setting up X\")\n",
"x = np.linspace(0,5,1000)\n",
"print(\"step 2: constructing y-data\")\n",
"y = np.sin(x)\n",
"print(\"step 3: display info about y\")\n",
"plt.plot(x,y)\n",
"print(\"okay, I'm done now\")"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"prompt_number": 17
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"wontshutup()"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"setting up X\n",
"step 2: constructing y-data\n",
"step 3: display info about y\n",
"okay, I'm done now\n"
]
},
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "display_data",
"png": 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"text": [
""
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 18
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"And you can selectively disable capturing stdout, stderr or rich display, by passing `--no-stdout`, `--no-stderr` and `--no-display`"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"%%capture cap --no-stderr\n",
"print('hi, stdout')\n",
"print(\"hello, stderr\", file=sys.stderr)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stderr",
"text": [
"hello, stderr\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 19
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"cap.stdout"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 20,
"text": [
"'hi, stdout\\n'"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 20
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"cap.stderr"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 21,
"text": [
"''"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 21
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"cap.outputs"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "pyout",
"prompt_number": 22,
"text": [
"[]"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 22
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}